![]() ![]() This explains the ability of the posterior tongue to contract for long periods of time during sleep to prevent upper airway collapse. It has been postulated that the muscle fibers in the posterior part of the tongue have a higher fatigue tolerance compared to anterior fibers. OSA often occurs due to a lack of tone of the tongue and pharynx within the airway and is frequently exacerbated by large tonsils, nasal obstruction, retrognathia, and adipose deposits in the neck. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is an alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Ī fissured tongue features small grooves on the dorsum of the tongue, which are non-tender this condition has been linked with psoriasis and Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. This can occur due to general inflammation of the tongue and often results in loss of the lingual papillae on the surface of the tongue. ![]() Ī non-malignant condition of the tongue known as migratory glossitis is an asymptomatic disorder in which the dorsum of the tongue produces red patches surrounded by a white peripheral border. Additionally, in some areas, frenulotomy (also known as frenotomy or frenuloplasty) is performed with increasing frequency, particularly when first-time mothers have difficulty breastfeeding, despite inadequate trials of conservative treatment preoperatively. A surgical procedure to split the lingual frenulum is often undertaken, although many people are able to swallow and articulate normally with a short lingual frenulum. These include but are not limited to:Īnkyloglossia, informally known as “tongue-tie,” caused by an aberrantly short lingual frenulum, is a disorder that may manifest as difficulty with the articulation of words due to restricted manipulation of tongue movements. There are a number of disorders of the tongue described in the literature. The tongue must elevate posteriorly to push the bolus posteroinferiorly towards the hypopharynx and esophagus to swallow a food bolus efficiently. The muscles of the tongue function together to permit a variety of shapes and functions to facilitate the production of speech and aid in the process of swallowing and manipulation of food before ingestion. The posterior third of the tongue drains directly into the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is to the submental and submandibular lymph nodes, emptying into the deep cervical chain of lymph nodes. Venous drainage of the tongue is via deep lingual veins and a single dorsal lingual vein these vessels drain into the sublingual vein, which in turn empties directly into the internal jugular vein. Dorsal lingual arteries supply the base of the tongue, whereas deep lingual arteries supply the body of the tongue. After this, the lingual artery travels between the hyoglossus (superficial) and middle pharyngeal constrictor (deep) to supply blood to the tongue. The lingual artery is a direct branch of the external carotid artery it takes off from the external carotid at the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone. The styloglossus muscle receives its blood supply from the sublingual branch of the lingual artery. Following mastication, these movements promote passage of the food bolus towards the oropharynx. The styloglossus muscle functions to retract and elevate the tongue in a posterior and superior fashion. These smaller bundles course between the inferior longitudinal intrinsic muscles of the tongue and the genioglossus muscle and ultimately insert into the lingual septum. The posterior bundles of the styloglossus muscle split into approximately 10 smaller bundles of fibers that enter the tongue. Anteriorly, the bundles run bilaterally and meet at the midline of the floor of the tongue, forming an arch. The fibers of the styloglossus muscle can be divided into anterior and posterior bundles. External and internal fibers of the styloglossus muscle also fuse with parts of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the palatoglossus muscle, respectively, with three bundles traveling anteriorly towards the apex of the tongue and an inferior longitudinal bundle joining the inferior fibers of the genioglossus muscle. Originating at the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone, the styloglossus muscle inserts into the lateral aspect of the tongue, namely into the fibers of the intrinsic longitudinal muscles and between the two parts of the hyoglossus muscle.
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